The corpus

Grounded questions are published in full — text, answer, and the SQL that re-derives the answer from the Orbit Sentinel database. Memorizing a frozen answer doesn't help: the next freeze moves it. The reasoning set stays private (published answers become training data); 0 representative examples are shown below with per-category counts.

Grounded questions (233) — fully public

• How many payloads were launched into orbit during calendar year 2025?

  answer 4286 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many cataloged objects of all types reentered the atmosphere during calendar year 2025?

  answer 1925 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many payloads (all operators) are cataloged as still in orbit, i.e. not reentered, as of October 2026?

  answer 19623 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• How many payloads that have not reentered are classified as being in geostationary orbit (GEO) as of October 2026?

  answer 1315 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND decay_date IS NULL AND orbit_class = 'GEO'
  

• NORAD catalog number 1 belongs to an object from the Sputnik 1 launch. Is it a payload, a rocket body, or debris?

  answer rocket body · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT lower(object_type) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 1
  

• What is the NORAD catalog number of the Hubble Space Telescope?

  answer 20580 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT norad_cat_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE cospar_id = '1990-037B'
  

• What is the COSPAR international designator of the object with NORAD catalog number 48274? Answer in the form YYYY-NNNA.

  answer 2021-035A · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT cospar_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 48274
  

• What NORAD catalog number was assigned to the payload with international designator 2023-060A?

  answer 56370 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT norad_cat_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE cospar_id = '2023-060A'
  

• Which satellite has NORAD catalog number 40267?

  answer Himawari 8 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT CASE WHEN name ILIKE 'himawari%8' THEN 'Himawari 8' ELSE name END
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 40267
  

• Which Earth-observation satellite has NORAD catalog number 25994?

  answer Terra · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT CASE WHEN name ILIKE 'terra' THEN 'Terra' ELSE name END
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 25994
  

• Which country owns the object with NORAD catalog number 49044?

  answer Russia · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT CASE WHEN operator_country IN ('CIS', 'Russia', 'Russian Federation') THEN 'Russia' ELSE operator_country END
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 49044
  

• In the Space-Track satellite catalog (SATCAT), which country is recorded as the owner of the satellite with NORAD catalog number 44057?

  answer United Kingdom · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT operator_country FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 44057
  

• On what date was the satellite with NORAD catalog number 43013 launched? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2017-11-18 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT launch_date::date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 43013
  

• In which orbit regime (LEO, MEO, GEO or HEO) is the satellite with NORAD catalog number 41866?

  answer GEO · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT orbit_class FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 41866
  

• In which orbit regime (LEO, MEO, GEO or HEO) is the payload with international designator 2010-022A?

  answer MEO · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT orbit_class FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE cospar_id = '2010-022A'
  

• As of October 2026, is ESA's Envisat (NORAD 27386) still in orbit, or has it reentered?

  answer still in orbit · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT CASE WHEN decay_date IS NULL THEN 'still in orbit' ELSE 'reentered' END
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 27386
  

• On what date did ESA's ERS-2 satellite (NORAD 23560) reenter the atmosphere? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2024-02-21 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT decay_date::date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 23560
  

• On what date did the object with NORAD catalog number 37820 reenter the atmosphere? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2018-04-02 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT decay_date::date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 37820
  

• How many cataloged objects (any piece letter, decayed or not) carry the international designator launch number 1998-067, as of October 2026?

  answer 567 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT norad_cat_id) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE cospar_id LIKE '1998-067%' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• How many payloads that have not reentered are classified as being in medium Earth orbit (MEO) as of October 2026?

  answer 441 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND decay_date IS NULL AND orbit_class = 'MEO'
  

• How many payloads that have not reentered are classified as being in highly elliptical orbit (HEO) as of October 2026?

  answer 65 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND decay_date IS NULL AND orbit_class = 'HEO'
  

• On what date was ISRO's Cartosat-3 Earth-observation satellite (NORAD 44804) launched? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2019-11-27 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT launch_date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE norad_cat_id = 44804
  

• What is the NORAD catalog number of JAXA's ALOS-2 (Daichi-2) radar satellite?

  answer 39766 · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT norad_cat_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE (name ILIKE 'ALOS 2' OR name ILIKE 'ALOS-2' OR name ILIKE 'ALOS 2 %' OR name ILIKE 'DAICHI 2%') AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
  

• What international designator (COSPAR ID) was assigned to the NASA-ISRO NISAR radar satellite launched in July 2025? Answer in the form YYYY-NNNA.

  answer 2025-163A · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT cospar_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2025-07-29' AND '2025-07-31'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'NISAR'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'NISAR'))
  

• On what date (UTC) was the UAE's MBZ-SAT Earth-observation satellite, built by the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, launched? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-01-14 · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT launch_date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2024-06-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') LIKE 'MBZSAT%'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') LIKE 'MBZSAT%'))
  

• What is the NORAD catalog number of Amazonia-1, Brazil's first fully nationally designed Earth-observation satellite, launched in February 2021?

  answer 47699 · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT norad_cat_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2021-02-27' AND '2021-03-01'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') IN ('AMAZONIA1', 'AMAZONIA')
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') IN ('AMAZONIA1', 'AMAZONIA')))
  

• In which orbit regime (LEO, MEO, GEO or HEO) are ESA's Proba-3 formation-flying spacecraft, launched in December 2024?

  answer HEO · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT string_agg(DISTINCT CASE
           WHEN apogee_km < 2000 THEN 'LEO'
           WHEN perigee_km > 35000 AND apogee_km < 36500 THEN 'GEO'
           WHEN perigee_km > 2000 AND apogee_km < 35000 THEN 'MEO'
           WHEN perigee_km < 2000 AND apogee_km > 35000 THEN 'HEO'
           ELSE 'OTHER' END, ',')
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2024-12-04' AND '2024-12-06'
    AND regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') LIKE 'PROBA3%'
  

• How many payloads launched in calendar years 2024 and 2025 combined are on orbit in medium Earth orbit (perigee above 2,000 km and apogee below 35,000 km) as of October 2026?

  answer 22 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND perigee_km > 2000 AND apogee_km < 35000
  

• How many payloads that were launched in calendar year 2025 (by catalog launch date) had already reentered the atmosphere by 31 December 2025? Count crew and cargo vehicles as payloads.

  answer 23 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND decay_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• Of all payloads launched in calendar year 2018 (by catalog launch date), what percentage had reentered the atmosphere as of October 2026?

  answer 43.5 ±5% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date IS NOT NULL) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2018-12-31'
  

• Counting payloads that are currently in near-geostationary orbits (perigee above 35,000 km and apogee below 36,500 km) as of October 2026, what is the ratio of those launched in calendar year 2024 to those launched in calendar year 2014? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 0.94 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(*) FILTER (WHERE launch_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(*) FILTER (WHERE launch_date BETWEEN '2014-01-01' AND '2014-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND perigee_km > 35000 AND apogee_km < 36500
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2014-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• What is the ratio of the number of cataloged payloads that reentered the atmosphere in calendar year 2025 to the number that reentered in calendar year 2020? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 2.5.

  answer 9.21 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date BETWEEN '2020-01-01' AND '2020-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND decay_date BETWEEN '2020-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• What is the NORAD catalog number of SAOCOM 1A, the L-band radar satellite of Argentina's space agency CONAE, launched in October 2018?

  answer 43641 · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT norad_cat_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-10-06' AND '2018-10-09'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'SAOCOM1A'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'SAOCOM1A'))
  

• What international designator (COSPAR ID) was assigned to Germany's TerraSAR-X radar satellite, launched in June 2007? Answer in the form YYYY-NNNA.

  answer 2007-026A · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT cospar_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2007-06-13' AND '2007-06-17'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'TERRASARX'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'TERRASARX'))
  

• On what date (UTC) did China's Tiangong-2 space laboratory reenter the atmosphere? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2019-07-19 · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT decay_date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2016-09-14' AND '2016-09-16'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'TIANGONG2'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'TIANGONG2'))
  

• Russia's Phobos-Grunt Mars sample-return probe, launched in November 2011, never left Earth orbit. On what date (UTC) did it reenter the atmosphere? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2012-01-15 · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT decay_date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2011-11-07' AND '2011-11-10'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') IN ('PHOBOSGRUNT', 'FOBOSGRUNT')
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') IN ('PHOBOSGRUNT', 'FOBOSGRUNT')))
  

• On what date in UTC was Türksat 6A, Turkey's first domestically built communications satellite, launched? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2024-07-08 · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT launch_date::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2024-06-01' AND '2024-08-31'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'TURKSAT6A'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'TURKSAT6A'))
  

• What is the NORAD catalog number of XRISM, the JAXA-led X-ray astronomy satellite launched in September 2023?

  answer 57800 · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT norad_cat_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2023-09-05' AND '2023-09-08'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'XRISM'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'XRISM'))
  

• What international designator (COSPAR ID) was assigned to Bangabandhu-1, Bangladesh's first communications satellite, launched in May 2018? Answer in the form YYYY-NNNA.

  answer 2018-044A · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT cospar_id FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-05-10' AND '2018-05-13'
    AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') LIKE 'BANGABANDHU%'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                    WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') LIKE 'BANGABANDHU%'))
  

• The July 2017 Soyuz launch of Russia's Kanopus-V-IK fire-monitoring satellite also carried more than 70 small satellites. How many cataloged objects of any type (payloads, rocket bodies, debris) from that launch, i.e. sharing its international designator launch number, remain on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 24 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  WITH anchor AS (
    SELECT left(cospar_id, 8) AS grp FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
    WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND cospar_id IS NOT NULL
      AND launch_date BETWEEN '2017-07-13' AND '2017-07-15'
      AND (regexp_replace(upper(name), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'KANOPUSVIK'
           OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a
                      WHERE regexp_replace(upper(a), '[^A-Z0-9]', '', 'g') = 'KANOPUSVIK')))
  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog c, anchor
  WHERE c.norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND c.decay_date IS NULL
    AND c.cospar_id LIKE anchor.grp || '%'
  

• China's Long March 6 rocket made its first flight in September 2015 (international designator 2015-049), carrying about 20 small satellites. How many cataloged objects of any type (payloads, rocket bodies, debris; reentered or not) carry that launch designator, as of October 2026?

  answer 15 ±5% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND cospar_id LIKE '2015-049%'
  

• How many payloads launched from 2010 through 2019 (by catalog launch date) are on orbit in highly elliptical orbits (perigee below 2,000 km and apogee above 35,000 km) as of October 2026?

  answer 6 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2010-01-01' AND '2019-12-31'
    AND perigee_km < 2000 AND apogee_km > 35000
  

• How many payloads launched from 1990 through 1999 (by catalog launch date) are currently in near-geostationary orbits (perigee above 35,000 km and apogee below 36,500 km), including retired satellites in graveyard orbits, as of October 2026?

  answer 260 ±5% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '1990-01-01' AND '1999-12-31'
    AND perigee_km > 35000 AND apogee_km < 36500
  

• How many payloads launched before 1 January 2000 (by catalog launch date) reentered the atmosphere during calendar years 2024 and 2025 combined? Exclude objects deployed from the International Space Station, which share the station's 1998 launch designator.

  answer 31 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date < '2000-01-01'
    AND cospar_id NOT LIKE '1998-067%'
    AND decay_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many payloads launched from 2000 through 2009 (by catalog launch date) are still on orbit entirely in low Earth orbit (apogee below 2,000 km) as of October 2026?

  answer 299 ±5% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2000-01-01' AND '2009-12-31'
    AND apogee_km < 2000
  

• Counting payloads that are currently on orbit in medium Earth orbit (perigee above 2,000 km and apogee below 35,000 km) as of October 2026, what is the ratio of those launched from 2015 through 2019 to those launched from 2005 through 2009? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 2.16 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(*) FILTER (WHERE launch_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2019-12-31')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(*) FILTER (WHERE launch_date BETWEEN '2005-01-01' AND '2009-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND perigee_km > 2000 AND apogee_km < 35000
    AND (launch_date BETWEEN '2005-01-01' AND '2009-12-31' OR launch_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2019-12-31')
  

• How many Starlink satellites are currently on orbit (cataloged and not reentered) as of October 2026?

  answer 11251 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'starlink%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
    AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• How many OneWeb satellites have been cataloged in total (including any that have reentered) as of October 2026?

  answer 656 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'oneweb%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
  

• How many Amazon Project Kuiper satellites (including the two prototypes, if still up) are on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 394 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'kuiper%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• How many Qianfan (Thousand Sails / G60 Starlink) constellation satellites were launched in calendar year 2024?

  answer 54 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'qianfan%' AND launch_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• How many Qianfan (Thousand Sails) constellation satellites are on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 254 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'qianfan%' AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• How many Guowang (China SatNet national megaconstellation) satellites were launched from the first launch through the end of 2025?

  answer 136 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'hulianwang digui%' AND launch_date <= '2025-12-31'
  

• Of the Guowang (China SatNet) satellites launched through the end of 2025, how many were placed in the roughly 50-degree inclination shell (as opposed to the ~86-87 degree near-polar shells)?

  answer 81 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'hulianwang digui%' AND launch_date <= '2025-12-31'
    AND inclination_deg BETWEEN 45 AND 55
  

• How many Iridium NEXT satellites were launched in the 2017-2019 deployment campaign?

  answer 75 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE (name ILIKE 'iridium%' OR name ILIKE 'iriidium%' OR name ILIKE 'iridum%')
    AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND launch_date BETWEEN '2017-01-01' AND '2019-12-31'
  

• How many first-generation Iridium satellites (launched 1997-2002) have reentered as of October 2026?

  answer 69 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'iridium%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '1997-01-01' AND '2002-12-31' AND decay_date IS NOT NULL
  

• How many second-generation Globalstar satellites were launched between 2010 and 2013?

  answer 24 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'globalstar%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2010-01-01' AND '2013-12-31'
  

• How many ORBCOMM Generation 2 (OG2) satellites were launched on the 2014 and 2015 Falcon 9 missions combined?

  answer 17 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'orbcomm%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2014-01-01' AND '2015-12-31'
  

• How many Swarm Technologies SpaceBEE satellites reentered during calendar year 2024?

  answer 79 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'spacebee%' AND decay_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• How many Planet Labs Flock (Dove/SuperDove) imaging satellites remain on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 124 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'flock%' AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• How many Planet SkySat satellites remain on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 14 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'skysat%' AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• What percentage of all Spire Global LEMUR satellites ever cataloged are still on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 36.6 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date IS NULL) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE name ILIKE 'lemur%'
  

• How many ICEYE SAR satellites were launched in calendar year 2025?

  answer 22 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'iceye%' AND launch_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many ICEYE satellites have reentered as of October 2026?

  answer 19 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'iceye%' AND decay_date IS NOT NULL
  

• How many HawkEye 360 RF-sensing satellites are on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 39 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'hawk-%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• How many SES O3b mPOWER satellites have been launched as of October 2026?

  answer 13 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
    AND (name ILIKE '%mpower%' OR (name ILIKE 'o3b%' AND launch_date >= '2022-12-01'))
  

• How many Galileo navigation satellites (IOV and FOC, including the two in the wrong orbit) have been launched as of October 2026?

  answer 34 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'galileo %' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND launch_date >= '2005-01-01'
  

• How many Kinéis IoT satellites have been launched as of October 2026?

  answer 25 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE name ILIKE 'kineis%'
  

• How many Space Development Agency (PWSA) Tranche 1 satellites were launched in calendar year 2025?

  answer 42 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE '%sda\_%' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD'
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many Bureau 1440 Rassvet broadband satellites were launched in March 2026?

  answer 16 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'rassvet%' AND launch_date BETWEEN '2026-03-01' AND '2026-03-31'
  

• How many first-generation O3b MEO satellites (O3b FM/PFM series, launched 2013-2019, before O3b mPOWER) were launched in total?

  answer 20 · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ~* '^O3B (FM|PFM)' AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• As of October 2026, how many Copernicus Sentinel-1 radar satellites have been launched in total?

  answer 4 · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE (name ILIKE 'SENTINEL 1%' OR name ILIKE 'SENTINEL-1%') AND object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• How many BeiDou navigation satellites (all generations) reached orbit in calendar year 2018, China's peak year for BeiDou-3 deployment?

  answer 18 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2018-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '(beidou|^compass-?[gmi])'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '(beidou|^compass-?[gmi])'))
  

• How many GPS III (Block III) navigation satellites reached orbit from the first GPS III launch through the end of 2025?

  answer 8 · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '^navstar'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '(^navstar|gps ?(b)?iii)'))
  

• How many Chinese Yaogan-series military reconnaissance satellites launched through the end of 2025 are still on orbit (not reentered) as of October 2026?

  answer 160 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND launch_date <= '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ILIKE '%yaogan%'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ILIKE '%yaogan%'))
  

• How many Capella Space SAR satellites (including the 2018 Denali testbed) reached orbit from Capella's first launch through the end of 2025?

  answer 16 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '(capella|^denali)'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '(capella|^denali)'))
  

• How many iQPS (Institute for Q-shu Pioneers of Space, Japan) QPS-SAR radar satellites reached orbit through the end of 2025?

  answer 12 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2019-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* 'qps.?sar'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* 'qps.?sar'))
  

• How many Unseenlabs BRO (Breizh Reconnaissance Orbiter) RF-geolocation satellites reached orbit from the first launch in 2019 through the end of 2025?

  answer 20 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2019-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '^bro-?[0-9]+'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^bro-?[0-9]+'))
  

• What is the ratio of Chinese Yaogan-series satellites that reached orbit in 2021-2025 (five calendar years combined) to those that reached orbit in 2011-2015? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 3.92 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(*) FILTER (WHERE launch_date BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2025-12-31')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(*) FILTER (WHERE launch_date BETWEEN '2011-01-01' AND '2015-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND (launch_date BETWEEN '2011-01-01' AND '2015-12-31' OR launch_date BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2025-12-31')
    AND (name ILIKE '%yaogan%'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ILIKE '%yaogan%'))
  

• How many Umbra Space synthetic-aperture radar satellites reached orbit from Umbra's first launch in 2021 through the end of 2025?

  answer 11 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '^umbra'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^umbra'))
  

• How many Synspective StriX radar satellites (Japan) reached orbit from the first StriX launch in 2020 through the end of 2025?

  answer 7 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2020-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* 'strix'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* 'strix'))
  

• How many Russian Meteor-M series polar-orbiting weather satellites (Meteor-M No.1 onward; not the older Meteor, Meteor-2, Meteor-3 or Meteor-3M) actually reached orbit from 2009 through the end of 2025?

  answer 5 · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2009-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '^meteor[- ]?m'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^meteor[- ]?m'))
  

• How many China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellites (CBERS series) have reached orbit from the program's first launch in 1999 through the end of 2025?

  answer 5 · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '1999-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* 'cbers'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* 'cbers'))
  

• How many Chinese Yunhai-series satellites (Yunhai-1, -2 and -3 families, officially described as atmospheric and space-environment monitoring satellites) reached orbit from the first launch in 2016 through the end of 2025?

  answer 18 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2016-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* 'yunhai'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* 'yunhai'))
  

• How many NOAA GOES geostationary weather satellites (designated GOES-1 onward; not counting the earlier SMS prototypes) reached orbit from 1975 through the end of 2025?

  answer 19 · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '1975-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '^goes[- ]?[0-9]'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^goes[- ]?[0-9]'))
  

• How many Astrocast (Switzerland) IoT nanosatellites, including its 2018-2019 demonstrators, reached orbit from 2018 through the end of 2025?

  answer 20 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* 'astrocast'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* 'astrocast'))
  

• How many HawkEye 360 RF-geolocation satellites, including the three 2018 Pathfinder satellites, reached orbit from 2018 through the end of 2025?

  answer 36 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* '^hawk-'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^hawk-'))
  

• Of all Astrocast IoT nanosatellites that reached orbit from 2018 through the end of 2025, what percentage are still on orbit (not reentered) as of October 2026? Answer as a percentage, e.g. 42.5.

  answer 25.0 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date IS NULL) / NULLIF(count(*), 0), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND (name ~* 'astrocast'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* 'astrocast'))
  

• Counting only satellites from ICEYE, Capella Space and Umbra, the three Western commercial SAR operators, that reached orbit from 2018 through 2024, what percentage were ICEYE satellites? Answer as a percentage, e.g. 42.5.

  answer 61.9 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  WITH s AS (
    SELECT (name ~* '^iceye' OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^iceye')) AS iceye
    FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
    WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
      AND launch_date BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
      AND (name ~* '(^iceye|capella|^denali|^umbra)'
           OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '(^iceye|capella|^denali|^umbra)'))
  )
  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE iceye) / NULLIF(count(*), 0), 1) FROM s
  

• What is the ratio of HawkEye 360 RF-geolocation satellites to Unseenlabs BRO RF-geolocation satellites that reached orbit from 2019 through the end of 2025? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 1.65 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · constellation · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(*) FILTER (WHERE name ~* '^hawk-' OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^hawk-'))::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(*) FILTER (WHERE name ~* '^bro-?[0-9]+' OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ~* '^bro-?[0-9]+')), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'PAYLOAD' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '2019-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• Exactly how many currently un-cataloged debris objects larger than 10 cm are in Earth orbit as of early July 2026?

  answer UNKNOWN · as of 2026-07-10 · control · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT 'UNKNOWN'
  

• How many debris objects from the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite test on Fengyun-1C have been cataloged in total (on orbit and reentered), as of October 2026?

  answer 3534 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '1999-025' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
  

• Of all cataloged debris from the 2007 Fengyun-1C anti-satellite test, what percentage is still on orbit (not reentered) as of October 2026?

  answer 65.7 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date IS NULL) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '1999-025' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
  

• How many cataloged objects (including debris) resulted from Cosmos 2251, the satellite destroyed in the 2009 Iridium collision, as of October 2026?

  answer 1715 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE name ILIKE '%cosmos 2251%'
  

• How many cataloged objects (including debris) are associated with Iridium 33, destroyed in the 2009 collision, as of October 2026?

  answer 657 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE name ILIKE '%iridium 33%'
  

• How many debris objects were cataloged from Russia's November 2021 anti-satellite test that destroyed Cosmos 1408, as of October 2026?

  answer 1806 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '1982-092' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
  

• What percentage of the cataloged debris from the 2021 Cosmos 1408 anti-satellite test has already reentered, as of October 2026?

  answer 99.8 ±1% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date IS NOT NULL) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '1982-092' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
  

• In what year did the last cataloged debris piece from India's March 2019 anti-satellite test (Mission Shakti, target Microsat-R) reenter?

  answer 2022 · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT extract(year FROM max(decay_date))::int::text FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '2019-006' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
  

• The Long March 6A upper stage that launched the first batch of Qianfan (Thousand Sails) satellites in August 2024 broke up in orbit. How many debris objects from that launch had been cataloged as of October 2026?

  answer 705 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '2024-140' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
  

• Intelsat 33e broke up in geostationary orbit in October 2024. How many debris pieces from it are in the public satellite catalog as of October 2026?

  answer 36 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE name ILIKE 'INTELSAT 33E DEB%'
  

• What percentage of all cataloged on-orbit objects are debris (as opposed to payloads, rocket bodies or unknown objects) as of October 2026?

  answer 35 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE object_type = 'DEBRIS') / count(*), 0)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE decay_date IS NULL AND object_type IS NOT NULL
  

• How many rocket bodies are currently cataloged on orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 2432 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND decay_date IS NULL
  

• How many cataloged rocket bodies are on orbit entirely in low Earth orbit (apogee below 2,000 km) as of October 2026?

  answer 995 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND decay_date IS NULL AND apogee_km < 2000
  

• Grouping on-orbit LEO debris (apogee below 2,000 km) by perigee into 100 km bands (200-300 km, 300-400 km, ...), which band holds the most cataloged debris as of October 2026? Answer as a range like '500-600 km'.

  answer 700-800 km · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT b || '-' || (b + 100) || ' km' FROM (
    SELECT (floor(perigee_km / 100) * 100)::int AS b, count(*) AS n
    FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
    WHERE object_type = 'DEBRIS' AND decay_date IS NULL AND apogee_km < 2000
    GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY n DESC LIMIT 1) t
  

• Between 2020 and 2025 inclusive, in which calendar year did the most cataloged debris objects reenter the atmosphere?

  answer 2022 · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT y::text FROM (
    SELECT extract(year FROM decay_date)::int AS y, count(*) AS n
    FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
    WHERE object_type = 'DEBRIS' AND decay_date BETWEEN '2020-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY n DESC LIMIT 1) t
  

• Which country is the owner of record for the most cataloged debris objects currently on orbit, as of October 2026?

  answer China · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT CASE c WHEN 'PRC' THEN 'China' WHEN 'CIS' THEN 'Russia' WHEN 'US' THEN 'United States' ELSE c END
  FROM (SELECT CASE WHEN operator_country IN ('PRC', 'CN') THEN 'PRC' ELSE operator_country END AS c, count(*) AS n
        FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
        WHERE object_type = 'DEBRIS' AND decay_date IS NULL
        GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY n DESC LIMIT 1) t
  

• How many cataloged objects (payloads, rocket bodies and debris) launched before 1970 are still in Earth orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 1573 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE decay_date IS NULL AND launch_date < '1970-01-01' AND orbital_status = 'ON_ORBIT'
  

• How many cataloged debris fragments from the November 2022 Long March 6A upper-stage breakup (international designator 2022-151) remain in orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 621 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE cospar_id LIKE '2022-151%' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
    AND launch_date = '2022-11-11' AND name ILIKE '%CZ-6A%'
    AND orbital_status = 'ON_ORBIT' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• Which country owns the most rocket bodies still in low Earth orbit (apogee below 2,000 km) as of October 2026?

  answer CIS · as of 2026-10-10 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT operator_country FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND orbital_status = 'ON_ORBIT'
    AND apogee_km < 2000 AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  GROUP BY operator_country ORDER BY count(*) DESC, operator_country LIMIT 1
  

• The fourth stage of India's PSLV-C3 rocket, launched in October 2001 with the TES, PROBA and BIRD satellites (international designator 2001-049), broke up in orbit in December 2001. How many debris objects from that launch have been cataloged in total (on orbit and reentered), as of October 2026?

  answer 371 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '2001-049' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
    AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• The Ariane 1 third stage from flight V16, which launched the French SPOT 1 satellite in February 1986 (international designator 1986-019), exploded in orbit in November 1986. How many debris objects from that launch have been cataloged in total (on orbit and reentered), as of October 2026?

  answer 498 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '1986-019' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
    AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• The retired US weather satellite NOAA-16 (launched September 2000, international designator 2000-055) broke up in orbit in November 2015. How many debris objects from that launch have been cataloged in total (on orbit and reentered), as of October 2026?

  answer 458 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '2000-055' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
    AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• The US Air Force weather satellite DMSP F13 (launched March 1995, international designator 1995-015) broke up in February 2015 after a battery failure. Of all cataloged debris objects from that launch, what percentage was still on orbit (not reentered) as of October 2026?

  answer 51.0 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date IS NULL) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE substr(cospar_id, 1, 8) = '1995-015' AND object_type = 'DEBRIS'
    AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• How many Zenit-2 second stages (cataloged as 'SL-16 R/B'), among the most massive derelict objects in low Earth orbit, remain on orbit with apogee below 2,000 km as of October 2026?

  answer 22 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'SL-16 R/B%' AND object_type = 'ROCKET BODY'
    AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND apogee_km < 2000
  

• Japan's H-IIA launcher was retired in 2025. How many H-IIA upper stages (rocket bodies cataloged as 'H-2A R/B') remain in Earth orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 26 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'H-2A R/B%' AND object_type = 'ROCKET BODY'
    AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• How many Ariane rocket bodies (upper stages from Ariane 1 through Ariane 5, launched through the end of 2023) remain in Earth orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 156 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE name ILIKE 'ARIANE%' AND object_type = 'ROCKET BODY'
    AND launch_date <= '2023-12-31'
    AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
  

• How many cataloged rocket bodies on orbit have a perigee below 2,000 km and an apogee above 35,000 km (geostationary-transfer-type orbits that cross both low Earth orbit and the geostationary region), as of October 2026?

  answer 168 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND perigee_km < 2000 AND apogee_km > 35000
  

• Of the rocket bodies still on orbit in low Earth orbit (apogee below 2,000 km) as of October 2026, what percentage were launched before 1 January 2000?

  answer 63.3 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE launch_date < '2000-01-01') / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND apogee_km < 2000
  

• How many cataloged debris objects are on orbit in near-geostationary orbits (perigee above 35,000 km and apogee below 36,500 km) as of October 2026?

  answer 65 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'DEBRIS' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND perigee_km > 35000 AND apogee_km < 36500
  

• Of the cataloged debris objects on orbit in low Earth orbit (apogee below 2,000 km) as of October 2026, what percentage has a perigee at or above 600 km?

  answer 88.8 ±5% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE perigee_km >= 600) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'DEBRIS' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND apogee_km < 2000 AND perigee_km IS NOT NULL
  

• What is the ratio of the number of cataloged rocket bodies that reentered the atmosphere in calendar year 2025 to the number that reentered in calendar year 2015? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.5.

  answer 2.77 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(*) FILTER (WHERE decay_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2015-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND decay_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many rocket bodies owned by China (Space-Track owner code PRC) reentered the atmosphere during calendar year 2025?

  answer 41 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND decay_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND upper(btrim(operator_country)) IN ('PRC', 'CN', 'CHINA')
  

• Ariane 5 dual launches (1996-2023) used a SYLDA structure to stack two satellites, and these adapters were left in geostationary transfer orbits. How many cataloged Ariane 5 SYLDA adapters remain in Earth orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 40 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL AND decay_date IS NULL
    AND launch_date BETWEEN '1996-06-04' AND '2023-07-05'
    AND (name ILIKE '%SYLDA%'
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ILIKE '%SYLDA%'))
    AND name NOT ILIKE '%ARIANE 4%'
  

• How many cataloged debris objects whose owner of record is Japan (Space-Track owner code JPN) remain in Earth orbit as of October 2026?

  answer 36 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'DEBRIS' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND upper(btrim(operator_country)) IN ('JPN', 'J', 'JAPAN')
  

• How many cataloged rocket bodies are on orbit in medium Earth orbits (perigee above 2,000 km and apogee below 35,000 km), the regime of the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou navigation constellations, as of October 2026?

  answer 206 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND perigee_km > 2000 AND apogee_km < 35000
  

• Of all rocket bodies still on orbit in low Earth orbit (apogee below 2,000 km) as of October 2026, what percentage are Kosmos-3M second stages (cataloged as 'SL-8 R/B')?

  answer 28.5 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (
           WHERE name ILIKE 'SL-8 R/B%'
              OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(alternate_names) a WHERE a ILIKE 'SL-8 R/B%')) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND apogee_km < 2000
  

• Of all cataloged rocket bodies still in Earth orbit as of October 2026, what percentage have an owner of record other than the United States, Russia/the former Soviet Union (Space-Track code CIS) and China?

  answer 12.9 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · debris · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (
           WHERE upper(btrim(operator_country)) NOT IN
                 ('US', 'USA', 'CIS', 'SU', 'RU', 'RUSSIA', 'PRC', 'CN', 'CHINA')) / count(*), 1)
  FROM enriched.satellite_catalog
  WHERE object_type = 'ROCKET BODY' AND decay_date IS NULL AND norad_cat_id IS NOT NULL
    AND operator_country IS NOT NULL AND btrim(operator_country) <> ''
  

• How many applications for new earth station authority (FCC file type SES-LIC) were filed with the FCC in calendar year 2024?

  answer 199 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• In calendar year 2018 (the year of the FCC's C-band receive-only earth station registration window), how many earth station registration filings (FCC file type SES-REG) were filed?

  answer 5688 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · spectrum · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code = 'REG'
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND '2018-12-31'
  

• How many earth station assignment or transfer-of-control applications (FCC file types SES-ASG plus SES-T/C) were filed in calendar year 2024?

  answer 121 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code IN ('ASG', 'T/C')
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• How many earth station license renewal applications (FCC file type SES-RWL) were filed in calendar year 2024?

  answer 193 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code = 'RWL'
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• How many distinct applicants filed at least one new earth station license application (SES-LIC) with the FCC in calendar year 2024?

  answer 36 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT lower(applicant_name)) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• Which company filed the most new earth station license applications (SES-LIC) with the FCC in calendar year 2024?

  answer SpaceX Services, Inc. · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT applicant_name FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  GROUP BY applicant_name ORDER BY count(*) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• Counting distinct earth station call signs from SpaceX Services' FCC new-license (SES-LIC) applications, which US state has the most? Answer with the state name.

  answer CA · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.state FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND fi.applicant_name = 'SpaceX Services, Inc.' AND fi.callsign <> ''
    AND fi.date_filed <= '2024-12-31'
  GROUP BY s.state ORDER BY count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• From 2021 through 2024, how many US gateway earth station license applications (SES-LIC) did Amazon's Kuiper Systems LLC file with the FCC?

  answer 36 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND applicant_name = 'Kuiper Systems LLC'
    AND description ILIKE '%gateway earth station%'
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• In 2022 Amazon's Kuiper Systems applied to the FCC for a Ka-band TT&C (telemetry, tracking and command) earth station in Texas. In which town?

  answer Alpine · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.city FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND fi.applicant_name = 'Kuiper Systems LLC'
    AND fi.description ILIKE '%TT&C%' AND s.state = 'TX'
  LIMIT 1
  

• OneWeb (WorldVu Satellites Limited) filed its first FCC application for a US gateway earth station in June 2018. In which town was the site?

  answer Talkeetna · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.city FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND fi.applicant_name = 'WorldVu Satellites Limited'
  ORDER BY fi.date_filed LIMIT 1
  

• Globalstar's first US gateway (feeder link) earth station license application was filed with the FCC in 1997. In which Texas town is that gateway?

  answer CLIFTON · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.city FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND fi.applicant_name ILIKE 'Globalstar%' AND s.state = 'TX'
  ORDER BY fi.date_filed LIMIT 1
  

• Iridium's US commercial gateway earth station, licensed to Iridium Satellite LLC in Arizona, is in which city?

  answer TEMPE (LOT 21) · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.city FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND fi.applicant_name ILIKE 'Iridium Satellite%' AND s.state = 'AZ'
  ORDER BY fi.date_filed LIMIT 1
  

• Which operator holds the most FCC earth station call signs with authorized frequencies in the V band (every assigned range within 37.5-51.4 GHz)?

  answer HNS License Sub, LLC · as of 2026-10-10 · spectrum · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT fi.applicant_name FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_antennas a ON a.site_key = s.site_key
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_frequencies fr ON fr.antenna_key = a.antenna_key
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.callsign <> ''
    AND fr.frequency_lower >= 37500 AND fr.frequency_upper <= 51400
  GROUP BY fi.applicant_name ORDER BY count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• Through 2024, how many distinct FCC earth station call signs appear in filings by Spire Global, Inc.?

  answer 17 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT callsign) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND applicant_name = 'Spire Global, Inc.'
    AND callsign <> '' AND date_filed <= '2024-12-31'
  

• Through 2024, how many distinct FCC earth station call signs appear in filings by ground-station-as-a-service provider RBC Signals, LLC?

  answer 10 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT callsign) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND applicant_name = 'RBC Signals, LLC'
    AND callsign <> '' AND date_filed <= '2024-12-31'
  

• Through 2024, how many distinct FCC earth station call signs appear in filings by Universal Space Network, Inc. (SSC's US ground network)?

  answer 13 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT callsign) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND applicant_name ILIKE 'Universal Space Network%'
    AND callsign <> '' AND date_filed <= '2024-12-31'
  

• ATLAS Space Operations filed its first FCC earth station license applications in 2017. In which US state were those sites?

  answer NM · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.state FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND fi.applicant_name ILIKE 'ATLAS Space Operations%'
    AND fi.date_filed IS NOT NULL
  ORDER BY fi.date_filed LIMIT 1
  

• Across all FCC earth station records (historical included), which US state has the most distinct earth station call signs with a site located there? Answer with the state name.

  answer TX · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.state FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.callsign <> '' AND s.state <> ''
  GROUP BY s.state ORDER BY count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• Among new earth station license applications (SES-LIC) filed with the FCC in calendar year 2024, which US state had the most distinct call signs sited in it? Answer with the state name.

  answer CA · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT s.state FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND fi.callsign <> '' AND s.state <> ''
    AND fi.date_filed BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  GROUP BY s.state ORDER BY count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• Across all FCC earth station records (historical included), how many distinct earth station call signs have a site in Alaska?

  answer 901 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.callsign <> '' AND s.state = 'AK'
  

• How many distinct FCC earth station call signs (historical included) have a site within 25 km of 64.8378 N, 147.7164 W (Fairbanks, Alaska)?

  answer 59 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.callsign <> '' AND s.latitude_deg <> 0
    AND 6371 * 2 * asin(sqrt(power(sin(radians(s.latitude_deg - 64.8378) / 2), 2)
        + cos(radians(64.8378)) * cos(radians(s.latitude_deg))
        * power(sin(radians(s.longitude_deg + 147.7164) / 2), 2))) <= 25
  

• How many distinct FCC earth station call signs (historical included) have a site within 15 km of 48.0957 N, 119.7806 W (Brewster, Washington)?

  answer 40 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.callsign <> '' AND s.latitude_deg <> 0
    AND 6371 * 2 * asin(sqrt(power(sin(radians(s.latitude_deg - 48.0957) / 2), 2)
        + cos(radians(48.0957)) * cos(radians(s.latitude_deg))
        * power(sin(radians(s.longitude_deg + 119.7806) / 2), 2))) <= 15
  

• How many distinct FCC earth station call signs (historical included) have a site within 30 km of 21.3000 N, 158.0000 W (central Oahu, Hawaii)?

  answer 114 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT fi.callsign) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings fi
  JOIN enriched.ibfs_sites s USING (filing_key)
  WHERE fi.subsystem_code = 'SES' AND fi.callsign <> '' AND s.latitude_deg <> 0
    AND 6371 * 2 * asin(sqrt(power(sin(radians(s.latitude_deg - 21.3) / 2), 2)
        + cos(radians(21.3)) * cos(radians(s.latitude_deg))
        * power(sin(radians(s.longitude_deg + 158.0) / 2), 2))) <= 30
  

• How many new earth station license applications (SES-LIC) did Viasat, Inc. file with the FCC in calendar year 2024?

  answer 17 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · constellation · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.ibfs_filings
  WHERE subsystem_code = 'SES' AND app_type_code = 'LIC'
    AND applicant_name ILIKE 'viasat%'
    AND date_filed BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• In Canada's ISED earth station licence records, which licensee has earth stations at the most distinct locations?

  answer Telesat Canada - Domestic Coord and Licensing · as of 2026-10-10 · catalog · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT licensee_name FROM enriched.earth_stations
  WHERE source = 'ISED'
  GROUP BY licensee_name
  ORDER BY count(DISTINCT (round(latitude::numeric, 3), round(longitude::numeric, 3))) DESC
  LIMIT 1
  

• How many Form 8-K current reports (excluding 8-K/A amendments) did AST SpaceMobile file with the SEC in calendar year 2025?

  answer 33 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.cik = '0001780312' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• Among Rocket Lab, Planet Labs, Intuitive Machines, Redwire, BlackSky, and Spire Global, which company filed the most Form 8-K reports (excluding 8-K/A) with the SEC in calendar year 2025?

  answer Redwire Corp · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT c.company_name FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.ticker IN ('RKLB','PL','LUNR','RDW','BKSY','SPIR') AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  GROUP BY c.company_name ORDER BY count(*) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• On what date did Rocket Lab file its annual report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 with the SEC? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-02-26 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.filed_date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.cik = '0001819994' AND f.form_type = '10-K' AND f.period_of_report = '2025-12-31'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• What is Rocket Lab's SEC Central Index Key (CIK) number? Answer with the number without leading zeros.

  answer 1819994 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT ltrim(cik, '0') FROM enriched.sec_companies WHERE ticker = 'RKLB'
  

• Planet Labs does not use a calendar fiscal year. On what month and day does Planet Labs' fiscal year end, per its SEC filings?

  answer January 31 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT to_char(to_date(fiscal_year_end, 'MMDD'), 'FMMonth FMDD')
  FROM enriched.sec_companies WHERE ticker = 'PL'
  

• In which US state is EchoStar Corporation incorporated, per its SEC filings?

  answer Nevada · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT CASE state_of_incorporation WHEN 'NV' THEN 'Nevada' WHEN 'DE' THEN 'Delaware'
         ELSE state_of_incorporation END
  FROM enriched.sec_companies WHERE ltrim(cik, '0') = '1415404'  -- EchoStar by CIK; the stored ticker (ECHO) is stale
  

• Viasat's fiscal year ends March 31. On what date did Viasat file its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2026? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-05-29 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.filed_date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.cik = '0000797721' AND f.form_type = '10-K' AND f.period_of_report = '2026-03-31'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• On what date did Intuitive Machines file its Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 with the SEC? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-03-19 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.filed_date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.cik = '0001844452' AND f.form_type = '10-K' AND f.period_of_report = '2025-12-31'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• On what date did Virgin Galactic file its Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 with the SEC? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-03-30 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.filed_date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.cik = '0001706946' AND f.form_type = '10-K' AND f.period_of_report = '2025-12-31'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• Satellogic previously filed annual reports with the SEC on Form 20-F as a foreign private issuer. On what date did it file its first annual report on Form 10-K? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-03-26 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.cik = '0001874315' AND f.form_type = '10-K'
  

• Which company filed more Form 8-K reports (excluding 8-K/A) with the SEC in calendar year 2025: Iridium Communications or Globalstar?

  answer Iridium Communications Inc. · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT c.company_name FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.ticker IN ('IRDM','GSAT') AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  GROUP BY c.company_name ORDER BY count(*) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• How many FCC special temporary authority (STA) requests did Intelsat License LLC file in calendar year 2025?

  answer 155 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.filings f
  JOIN serving.entities e ON e.id = f.applicant_entity_id
  WHERE e.canonical_name = 'Intelsat License LLC' AND f.source_agency = 'FCC'
    AND f.filing_type = 'SPECIAL_TEMPORARY_AUTH'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many FCC special temporary authority (STA) requests did WorldVu Satellites Limited (OneWeb) file in calendar year 2025?

  answer 46 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.filings f
  JOIN serving.entities e ON e.id = f.applicant_entity_id
  WHERE e.canonical_name = 'WorldVu Satellites Limited' AND f.source_agency = 'FCC'
    AND f.filing_type = 'SPECIAL_TEMPORARY_AUTH'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• What third-party liability insurance amount (in US dollars) did the FAA require of Relativity Space for Terran 1 flight operations under license VOL-23-127?

  answer 240000000 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT flight_tpl_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'VOL-23-127'
  

• Under FAA license LLO-22-126, what third-party liability insurance amount (in US dollars) must Firefly Aerospace carry for Alpha flight operations, as of October 2026?

  answer 80000000 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT flight_tpl_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'LLO-22-126'
  

• According to Orbit Sentinel, which FCC space station licensee has the largest total of active (unreleased) surety bonds across its authorizations, as of October 2026?

  answer Intelsat License LLC · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT operator_name FROM public.active_bond_portfolio
  WHERE active_bond_usd > 0
  GROUP BY operator_name ORDER BY sum(active_bond_usd) DESC LIMIT 1
  

• According to Orbit Sentinel, what is the total value in US dollars of Spire Global's active FCC surety bonds, as of October 2026?

  answer 5000000.00 ±5% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT sum(active_bond_usd) FROM public.active_bond_portfolio
  WHERE operator_name = 'Spire Global, Inc.'
  

• On what date did BlackSky Technology file its annual report (Form 10-K) for fiscal year 2025 with the SEC? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-03-17 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.filed_date::date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.ticker = 'BKSY' AND f.form_type = '10-K' AND f.period_of_report = '2025-12-31'
  

• Karman Holdings went public in February 2025. On what date did it file its first annual report (Form 10-K) with the SEC? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-04-10 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.ticker = 'KRMN' AND f.form_type = '10-K'
  

• Kratos Defense & Security Solutions uses a 52/53-week fiscal year. On what date did its fiscal year 2025 end, per its annual report? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-12-28 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.period_of_report::date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.ticker = 'KTOS' AND f.form_type = '10-K'
    AND f.period_of_report BETWEEN '2025-12-01' AND '2026-01-15'
  

• How many FCC special temporary authority (STA) requests did Viasat file in calendar year 2025?

  answer 51 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.filings f
  JOIN serving.entities e ON e.id = f.applicant_entity_id
  WHERE f.source_agency = 'FCC' AND f.filing_type = 'SPECIAL_TEMPORARY_AUTH'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND e.canonical_name = 'VIASAT, INC.'
  

• How many FCC special temporary authority (STA) requests did ground-station operator ATLAS Space Operations file in calendar year 2025?

  answer 18 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.filings f
  JOIN serving.entities e ON e.id = f.applicant_entity_id
  WHERE f.source_agency = 'FCC' AND f.filing_type = 'SPECIAL_TEMPORARY_AUTH'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND e.canonical_name = 'ATLAS Space Operations, Inc'
  

• On what date did Northrop Grumman file its annual report (Form 10-K) for fiscal year 2025 with the SEC? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-01-27 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.filed_date::date::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.ticker = 'NOC' AND f.form_type = '10-K' AND f.period_of_report = '2025-12-31'
  

• How many current reports (Form 8-K, excluding amendments) did Karman Holdings file with the SEC in calendar year 2025?

  answer 12 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE c.ticker = 'KRMN' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• How many Form 8-K current reports (excluding 8-K/A amendments) filed by EchoStar Corporation with the SEC in calendar year 2025 included Item 1.01, Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement?

  answer 3 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1415404' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND '1.01' = ANY(f.items)
  

• How many Form 8-K reports (excluding 8-K/A) filed by AST SpaceMobile with the SEC in calendar year 2025 reported Item 2.03, Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation?

  answer 7 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1780312' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND '2.03' = ANY(f.items)
  

• How many Form 8-K reports (excluding 8-K/A) filed by Virgin Galactic Holdings with the SEC in calendar year 2024 reported Item 5.02, Departure or Appointment of Directors or Certain Officers?

  answer 2 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1706946' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
    AND '5.02' = ANY(f.items)
  

• Redwire completed its acquisition of drone maker Edge Autonomy in 2025. On what date did Redwire file the Form 8-K reporting completion of the acquisition (Item 2.01)? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-06-13 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE (c.ticker = 'RDW' OR c.company_name ILIKE 'Redwire%')
    AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND '2.01' = ANY(f.items)
  

• Intuitive Machines agreed in 2025 to acquire Lanteris Space Systems (formerly Maxar Space Systems). On what date did Intuitive Machines file the Form 8-K reporting entry into the acquisition agreement (Item 1.01)? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-11-04 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1844452' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-10-01' AND '2025-12-31'
    AND '1.01' = ANY(f.items)
    AND f.text_excerpt ILIKE '%lanteris%'
  

• Lockheed Martin closes its fiscal quarters on a Sunday near the end of the calendar quarter. On what date did its first quarter of 2026 end, per its Form 10-Q? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-03-29 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.period_of_report::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE (c.ticker = 'LMT' OR ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '936468')
    AND f.form_type = '10-Q'
    AND f.period_of_report BETWEEN '2026-03-15' AND '2026-04-10'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• L3Harris Technologies' fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest December 31. On what date did its fiscal year 2025 end, per its annual report on Form 10-K? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-01-02 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.period_of_report::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE (c.ticker = 'LHX' OR ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '202058')
    AND f.form_type = '10-K'
    AND f.period_of_report BETWEEN '2025-12-20' AND '2026-01-10'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• Mercury Systems, a supplier of space-qualified and defense electronics, uses a 52/53-week fiscal year ending in late June. On what date did Mercury file its Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 with the SEC? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-08-11 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE (c.ticker = 'MRCY' OR c.company_name ILIKE 'Mercury Systems%')
    AND f.form_type = '10-K'
    AND f.period_of_report BETWEEN '2025-06-20' AND '2025-07-05'
  

• How many Form 8-K current reports (excluding 8-K/A amendments) filed by Comtech Telecommunications Corp. with the SEC in calendar year 2024 included Item 1.01, Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement?

  answer 5 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '23197' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
    AND '1.01' = ANY(f.items)
  

• In 2024 Boeing named Robert 'Kelly' Ortberg its president and chief executive officer. On what date did Boeing file the Form 8-K reporting his appointment (Item 5.02)? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2024-07-31 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '12927' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2024-07-01' AND '2024-08-31'
    AND '5.02' = ANY(f.items)
    AND f.text_excerpt ILIKE '%Ortberg%'
  

• In 2023 Raytheon Technologies Corporation changed its name to RTX Corporation. On what date did the company file the Form 8-K reporting the charter amendment for the name change (Item 5.03)? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2023-07-17 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '101829' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2023-06-01' AND '2023-08-31'
    AND '5.03' = ANY(f.items)
  

• In late 2023 Virgin Galactic announced a workforce reduction to conserve cash ahead of its Delta-class spaceship program. On what date did Virgin Galactic file the Form 8-K reporting it under Item 2.05, Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2023-11-08 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1706946' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2023-10-01' AND '2023-12-31'
    AND '2.05' = ANY(f.items)
  

• On what date did General Dynamics file the Form 8-K furnishing its second-quarter 2026 financial results (Item 2.02, Results of Operations and Financial Condition)? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-07-29 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT min(f.filed_date)::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '40533' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2026-07-01' AND '2026-08-15'
    AND '2.02' = ANY(f.items)
  

• Comtech Telecommunications does not use a calendar fiscal year. How many calendar days after the last day of its fiscal year 2025 did Comtech file its annual report on Form 10-K for that year?

  answer 102 ±2% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.filed_date - f.period_of_report FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '23197' AND f.form_type = '10-K'
    AND f.period_of_report BETWEEN '2025-07-01' AND '2025-08-15'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• General Dynamics closes its first three fiscal quarters on a Sunday near the calendar quarter-end. On what date did its fiscal year 2025 end, per its annual report on Form 10-K? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2025-12-31 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.period_of_report::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '40533' AND f.form_type = '10-K'
    AND f.period_of_report BETWEEN '2025-12-20' AND '2026-01-10'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• Mercury Systems uses a 52/53-week fiscal year. On what date did its fiscal year 2026 end, per its annual report on Form 10-K? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-07-03 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT f.period_of_report::text FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1049521' AND f.form_type = '10-K'
    AND f.period_of_report BETWEEN '2026-06-20' AND '2026-07-10'
  ORDER BY f.filed_date LIMIT 1
  

• What is the ratio of the number of Form 8-K reports (excluding 8-K/A) Redwire Corporation filed with the SEC in calendar year 2025 to the number it filed in calendar year 2023? Answer to two decimal places.

  answer 2.64 ±5% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(
    count(*) FILTER (WHERE f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31')::numeric
    / NULLIF(count(*) FILTER (WHERE f.filed_date BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1819810' AND f.form_type = '8-K'
  

• Satellogic began filing with the SEC as a US domestic issuer after years as a foreign private issuer. How many quarterly reports on Form 10-Q (excluding 10-Q/A) had Satellogic filed with the SEC as of September 30, 2026?

  answer 5 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.sec_filings f
  JOIN enriched.sec_companies c ON c.id = f.company_id
  WHERE ltrim(c.cik, '0') = '1874315' AND f.form_type = '10-Q'
    AND f.filed_date <= '2026-09-30'
  

• How many FCC special temporary authority (STA) requests for satellite or earth-station operations were filed in calendar year 2025?

  answer 1474 ±15% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'FCC' AND filing_type = 'SPECIAL_TEMPORARY_AUTH'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• Under its original FCC authorization, by what date must Amazon's Project Kuiper have half of its authorized satellites deployed? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-07-30 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT deadline_date::text FROM enriched.milestone_adherence
  WHERE operator_name ILIKE '%kuiper%' AND milestone_kind = 'ngso_50pct'
  ORDER BY grant_date LIMIT 1
  

• Of FCC NGSO deployment milestones whose deadlines have passed, what percentage does Orbit Sentinel classify as met (on time)?

  answer 35.7 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE classification IN ('met', 'met_computed'))
               / NULLIF(count(*), 0), 1)
  FROM enriched.milestone_adherence
  WHERE is_ngso AND deadline_date < CURRENT_DATE
    AND classification NOT IN ('unknown', 'not_deployment_obligation', 'attribution_undetermined', 'pending')
  

• How many foreign-licensed NGSO satellite systems hold US market access on the FCC Approved Space Station List?

  answer 9 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM enriched.space_station_authorizations
  WHERE is_ngso AND us_market_access
  

• Which national administration licenses the OneWeb constellation, per the FCC's Approved Space Station List?

  answer United Kingdom · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · recall

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT licensing_admin FROM enriched.space_station_authorizations
  WHERE operator_name ILIKE '%oneweb%' OR system_name ILIKE '%oneweb%'
  ORDER BY call_sign LIMIT 1
  

• According to Orbit Sentinel, what is the total value, in US dollars, of active (unreleased) FCC surety bonds on record across NGSO authorizations?

  answer 28030000.00 ±10% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT sum(active_bond_usd) FROM public.active_bond_portfolio
  WHERE is_ngso AND active_bond_usd > 0
  

• Which operator holds the most NGSO space-station authorizations on the FCC's Approved Space Station List?

  answer Loft Orbital Solutions Inc. · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT operator_name FROM enriched.space_station_authorizations
  WHERE is_ngso GROUP BY operator_name ORDER BY count(*) DESC, operator_name LIMIT 1
  

• What third-party liability insurance amount, in US dollars, does the FAA require for flight operations under SpaceX's Starship vehicle operator license VOL 23-129?

  answer 500000000 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT flight_tpl_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'VOL-23-129'
  

• According to Orbit Sentinel, which NGSO satellite operator has the largest active (unreleased) FCC surety bond on record?

  answer Space Norway AS · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT operator_name FROM public.active_bond_portfolio
  WHERE is_ngso AND active_bond_usd > 0
  ORDER BY active_bond_usd DESC, operator_name LIMIT 1
  

• What third-party liability insurance amount, in US dollars, does the FAA require for flight under ULA's Vulcan Centaur launch license LLO 23-128?

  answer 274000000 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT flight_tpl_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'LLO-23-128'
  

• What reentry third-party liability insurance amount, in US dollars, does the FAA require under Varda Space Industries' license VOL 24-130?

  answer 10000000 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT reentry_tpl_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'VOL-24-130'
  

• Under the FCC's original 2017 grant of US market access for Telesat's Ka-band NGSO (LEO) constellation, by what date must the full authorized system be deployed? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2026-11-03 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT deadline_date::date::text FROM enriched.milestone_adherence
  WHERE call_sign = 'S2976' AND milestone_kind = 'ngso_100pct'
  

• Under its FCC US market-access grant, by what date must Kinéis have half of its authorized satellites deployed? Answer as YYYY-MM-DD.

  answer 2027-11-18 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT deadline_date::date::text FROM enriched.milestone_adherence
  WHERE call_sign = 'S3054' AND milestone_kind = 'ngso_50pct'
  

• How many applications for new FCC space-station authority (file numbers beginning SAT-LOA) were filed in calendar year 2025?

  answer 30 ±20% · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT source_id) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'FCC' AND source_id LIKE 'SAT-LOA-2025%'
  

• What is the FCC docket number of the 'Single Network Future: Supplemental Coverage from Space' (direct-to-device) proceeding?

  answer 23-65 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT docket_number FROM serving.proceedings
  WHERE subject = 'Single Network Future: Supplemental Coverage from Space'
  

• What is the FCC docket number of the Space Bureau's 'Space Modernization for the 21st Century' rulemaking opened in October 2025?

  answer 25-306 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT docket_number FROM serving.proceedings
  WHERE subject = 'Space Modernization for the 21st Century'
  

• Which national administration submitted the 'GW-2' NGSO satellite network filing (the Guowang megaconstellation) to the ITU?

  answer CHN · as of 2026-10-10 · spectrum · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT metadata->>'administration' FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'ITU' AND source_id = 'GW-2'
  

• Per the FCC's Approved Space Station List, which national administration licenses Globalstar's second-generation satellites?

  answer France · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT substring(licensing_admin FROM '([A-Za-z.]+) \(2nd Gen\)')
  FROM enriched.space_station_authorizations
  WHERE call_sign = 'S2115'
  

• What third-party liability insurance amount, in US dollars, does the FAA require for flight operations under Blue Origin's New Shepard launch license LRLO 17-105?

  answer 150000000 · as of 2026-10-10 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT flight_tpl_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'LRLO-17-105'
  

• As at 1 January 2025, per UNOOSA's status of international agreements, how many States had ratified all four of the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention and the Registration Convention?

  answer 64 ±5% · as of 2026-10-12 · treaty · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(*) FROM (
    SELECT country_name FROM enriched.treaty_ratifications
    WHERE status = 'ratified' AND treaty_short IN ('OST', 'ARRA', 'LIAB', 'REG')
    GROUP BY country_name
    HAVING count(DISTINCT treaty_short) = 4
  ) t
  

• How many registration documents in the UN ST/SG/SER.E series (State submissions under the Registration Convention, excluding addenda, revisions and corrigenda) were issued in calendar year 2024?

  answer 72 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · treaty · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT source_id) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'UN_OOSA'
    AND source_id ~ '^ST/SG/SER\.E/[0-9]+$'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• In the ITU's list of satellite networks brought into use, which notifying administration had the most satellite networks with a date of bringing into use in calendar year 2024?

  answer China · as of 2026-10-12 · spectrum · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT upper(btrim(metadata->>'administration')) AS adm
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'ITU' AND source_id NOT LIKE 'ITU-AR-%'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
    AND COALESCE(btrim(metadata->>'administration'), '') <> ''
  GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY count(*) DESC, 1 LIMIT 1
  

• According to the ITU's list of satellite networks brought into use, how many satellite networks notified by Luxembourg (ITU symbol LUX) have a date of bringing into use between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2024?

  answer 27 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · spectrum · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT source_id) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'ITU' AND source_id NOT LIKE 'ITU-AR-%'
    AND upper(btrim(metadata->>'administration')) = 'LUX'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• As of October 2026, what amount of liability coverage for damage to US Government property, in US dollars, does the FAA require under Northrop Grumman's launch license LLO 14-091?

  answer 20000000 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT govt_property_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'LLO-14-091'
  ORDER BY approval_date DESC NULLS LAST, order_revision DESC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1
  

• As of October 2026, what third-party liability insurance amount, in US dollars, does the FAA require for flight under Stratolaunch's vehicle operator license VOL 23-131?

  answer 45000000 · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT flight_tpl_usd FROM enriched.faa_financial_responsibility
  WHERE license_number = 'VOL-23-131'
  ORDER BY approval_date DESC NULLS LAST, order_revision DESC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1
  

• What is the ratio of FCC space-station modification applications (file numbers beginning SAT-MOD) filed in calendar year 2025 to those filed in calendar year 2023? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 1.20 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE source_id LIKE 'SAT-MOD-2025%')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE source_id LIKE 'SAT-MOD-2023%'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'FCC' AND source_id LIKE 'SAT-MOD-202%'
  

• How many filings (comments, replies, ex parte notices and other submissions) were received in the FCC's Supplemental Coverage from Space proceeding, GN Docket 23-65, during calendar year 2024?

  answer 167 ±20% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT f.id)
  FROM enriched.filings f
  LEFT JOIN serving.filing_proceedings fp ON fp.filing_id = f.id
  LEFT JOIN serving.proceedings p ON p.id = fp.proceeding_id
  WHERE f.source_agency = 'FCC'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
    AND (p.docket_number = '23-65' OR f.docket_number ~ '(^|[^0-9])23-65([^0-9]|$)')
  

• How many space-station assignment or transfer-of-control applications (FCC file numbers beginning SAT-ASG or SAT-T/C) were filed in calendar year 2024?

  answer 18 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT source_id) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'FCC'
    AND (source_id LIKE 'SAT-ASG-2024%' OR source_id LIKE 'SAT-T/C-2024%')
  

• According to Orbit Sentinel, how many FCC NGSO authorizations have a 50% deployment milestone deadline (47 CFR 25.164(b)) falling in calendar year 2027, counting only authorizations that carry a deployment obligation?

  answer 2 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT call_sign) FROM enriched.milestone_adherence
  WHERE is_ngso AND milestone_kind = 'ngso_50pct'
    AND deadline_date BETWEEN '2027-01-01' AND '2027-12-31'
    AND classification <> 'not_deployment_obligation'
  

• Of the registration documents in the UN ST/SG/SER.E series (excluding addenda, revisions and corrigenda) with note verbale dates in calendar year 2024, what percentage were submitted by the United Kingdom?

  answer 9.7 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · treaty · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE btrim(metadata->>'country') ILIKE 'United Kingdom%')
               / NULLIF(count(DISTINCT source_id), 0), 1)
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'UN_OOSA'
    AND source_id ~ '^ST/SG/SER\.E/[0-9]+$'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• How many documents does UNOOSA list for the years 2015 through 2024 on its page of information furnished under Article XI of the Outer Space Treaty (States informing the UN Secretary-General of the nature and conduct of their space activities)?

  answer 45 ±10% · as of 2026-10-12 · treaty · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT source_id) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'UN_OOSA'
    AND metadata->>'section' = 'article_xi'
    AND (metadata->>'year')::int BETWEEN 2015 AND 2024
  

• According to the ITU's list of satellite networks brought into use, how many satellite networks notified by India (ITU symbol IND) have a date of bringing into use between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2024?

  answer 45 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · spectrum · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT source_id) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'ITU' AND source_id NOT LIKE 'ITU-AR-%'
    AND upper(btrim(metadata->>'administration')) = 'IND'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• In the ITU's list of satellite networks brought into use, what is the ratio of networks (all administrations) with a date of bringing into use in calendar year 2024 to those with a date of bringing into use in calendar year 2019? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 1.07 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · spectrum · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE filed_date BETWEEN '2019-01-01' AND '2019-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'ITU' AND source_id NOT LIKE 'ITU-AR-%'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2019-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• How many petitions for declaratory ruling for space-station authority (FCC file numbers beginning SAT-PDR, used chiefly by foreign-licensed systems seeking US market access) were filed in calendar years 2023 through 2025 combined?

  answer 8 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT source_id) FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'FCC'
    AND (source_id LIKE 'SAT-PDR-2023%' OR source_id LIKE 'SAT-PDR-2024%' OR source_id LIKE 'SAT-PDR-2025%')
  

• According to Orbit Sentinel's position extraction, of the filings in the FCC's Space Modernization proceeding (SB Docket 25-306) filed from 1 October 2025 through 30 June 2026 that have an extracted overall stance, what percentage oppose or qualifiedly oppose the proposal?

  answer 17.5 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE p.overall_stance IN ('oppose', 'qualified_opposition'))
               / NULLIF(count(*), 0), 1)
  FROM enriched.filing_positions p
  JOIN enriched.filings f ON f.id = p.filing_id
  WHERE f.source_agency = 'FCC'
    AND f.docket_number ~ '(^|[^0-9])25-306([^0-9]|$)'
    AND f.filed_date BETWEEN '2025-10-01' AND '2026-06-30'
    AND p.overall_stance IS NOT NULL
  

• What is the ratio of registration documents in the UN ST/SG/SER.E series (State submissions under the Registration Convention, excluding addenda, revisions and corrigenda) issued in calendar year 2025 to those issued in calendar year 2015? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 0.70 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · treaty · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE filed_date BETWEEN '2025-01-01' AND '2025-12-31')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE filed_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2015-12-31'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'UN_OOSA'
    AND source_id ~ '^ST/SG/SER\.E/[0-9]+$'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2025-12-31'
  

• In the ITU's list of satellite networks brought into use, what is the ratio of networks notified by China (ITU symbol CHN) to networks notified by the United States (ITU symbol USA) with a date of bringing into use between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2024? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 1.41 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · spectrum · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE upper(btrim(metadata->>'administration')) = 'CHN')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE upper(btrim(metadata->>'administration')) = 'USA'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'ITU' AND source_id NOT LIKE 'ITU-AR-%'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2020-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
  

• In the ITU's list of satellite networks brought into use, how many distinct notifying administrations (ITU symbols, counting intergovernmental satellite organizations as their own notifying entity) had at least one satellite network with a date of bringing into use in calendar year 2024?

  answer 32 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · spectrum · research

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT count(DISTINCT upper(btrim(metadata->>'administration')))
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'ITU' AND source_id NOT LIKE 'ITU-AR-%'
    AND filed_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'
    AND COALESCE(btrim(metadata->>'administration'), '') <> ''
  

• What is the ratio of FCC space-station special temporary authority requests (file numbers beginning SAT-STA) filed in calendar year 2025 to those filed in calendar year 2022? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 1.72 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE source_id LIKE 'SAT-STA-2025%')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE source_id LIKE 'SAT-STA-2022%'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'FCC' AND filing_type = 'SPECIAL_TEMPORARY_AUTH'
    AND (source_id LIKE 'SAT-STA-2025%' OR source_id LIKE 'SAT-STA-2022%')
  

• Across calendar years 2023 through 2025 combined, what is the ratio of FCC space-station amendment filings (file numbers beginning SAT-AMD) to new space-station applications (file numbers beginning SAT-LOA)? Answer as a decimal, e.g. 1.25.

  answer 0.88 ±15% · as of 2026-10-12 · regulatory · derivation

  ground truth SQL

  SELECT round(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE source_id ~ '^SAT-AMD-202[345]')::numeric
               / NULLIF(count(DISTINCT source_id) FILTER (WHERE source_id ~ '^SAT-LOA-202[345]'), 0), 2)
  FROM enriched.filings
  WHERE source_agency = 'FCC' AND source_id ~ '^SAT-(AMD|LOA)-202[345]'
  

Reasoning set (43) — private by design

Category counts: history 5 · orbital 20 · catalog 2 · control 4 · debris 6 · regulatory 3 · spectrum 2 · treaty 1